動狀詞-動名詞,不定詞, 分詞
動名詞 (Ving): 動詞做名詞
Collecting stamps is fun.
My hobby is collecting stamps.
可以加冠詞
The killing of the old lady shocked the whole community.
可以有修飾語
You should keep working hard.
可以有被動式和完成式
I don't like being forced to study.
He regretted having bought that car.
不定詞(to V): 可做名詞, 形容詞或副詞
當名詞
To do thorough research takes time and effort.
His plan is to continue his research.
做形容詞
I have one thing to tell you.
Your eagerness to start your own business is understandable.
當副詞, 修飾動詞
He came to see me last night.
We eat to live, not live to eat.
當副詞, 修飾形容詞
I'm happy to hear the news.
She's anxious to meet her new friends.
當副詞, 修飾表程度的副詞: too, enough
He is too smart to be fooled.
It was raining too hard to see clearly.
當副詞, 修飾整句
To tell the truth, nobody likes him.
To do him justice, he is an intelligent man.
修飾原劇中的動詞, 用來表示目的和條件
(In order) To please his wife, Ted bought her a diamond ring.
To get better results, you should wait for the right time.
動名詞 vs 不定詞
二者都能做名詞用, 但是不定詞表達"某式尚未發生的不確定性", 動名詞表達"已經做了或做過某事"
I'm learning to swim.
I enjoy swimming.
We stopped to eat lunch.
We stopped eating lunch.
分詞: 現在分詞(Ving) 和 過去分詞(Ven)
現在分詞: 表達主動或進行
過去分詞: 表達被動或完成
做形容詞用
The melting snow makes the roads wet.
I have two fried eggs as breakfast every morning.
I know the man sitting over there.
作副詞用: 分詞構句型式
Arriving at the airport, he found his friends had left.
Even admitting what you say, I still think you should go.
牛刀小試
1. Thank you for writing us and we look forward to ___ from you again soon.
a) hear
b) hearing
c) have heard
d) have been heard
2. Inflation is the major problem ___ the people, the government, and the economy.
a) affect
b) affecting
c) to affect
d) would
3. The new employee denied ___ the business secret to out competitor.
a) revealing
b) to reveal
c) having revealed
d) to have revealed
4. Some of the meaning of what was said seems to ___ lost in the translation.
a) get
b) be gotten
c) be getting
d) have gotten
5. ___ a free subscription, simply click on the link below and follow the steps to enroll.
a) To receive
b) Having received
c) Receiving
d) received
6. The assistant manager emphasized that he didn't like ___ to work by anyone.
a) to force
b) to have forced
c) forcing
d) being forced
7. ____ in front of the computer screen for five straight hours, Barbara finally decided to take a break.
a) Sitting
b) To sit
c) Beging sat
d) Having sat
8. The lost file was found ___ under a pile of folders on the inter's desk.
a) hide
b) hid
c) hiding
d) hidden
9. We offer a range of products and services ___ to make your business run more efficiently.
a) design
b) designing
c) designed
d) to design
10. The assistant manager was seen ___ out of the conference room while the CEO was still talking.
a) sneak
b) sneeking
c) to sneak
d) sneaked
解答
1. (b) look forward to 中的 to 為介係詞, 並非不定詞的to, 故要選動名詞作為受詞
2. (b) 動名詞做後衛修飾語
3. (c) enjoy, avoid, mind, deny, admit, finish, quit 等及物動詞後, 應用"名詞"或"動名詞"做受詞
4. (d) 不定詞的過去式表達方式, to 後接"已然發生的動作", 使用"現在完成式"
5. (a) 表達目的之不定詞
6. (d) 動名詞之被動型式
7. (d) 分詞構句, "已經"坐在電腦前5個鐘頭, 選擇表"完成"之分詞構句
8. (d) 選擇具"被動意涵"的過去分詞
9. (c) "後位修飾語", 填入具"被動"的過去分詞
10. (c) seen屬感官動詞, 若感官動詞為被動式, 其後接不定詞